What are the benefits of the Ming Dynasty Tea Horse Trade: What are the benefits of civil trade after breaking the official monopoly?

Tea Horse City
The "Tea Horse City" policy implemented by the Ming Dynasty was inherited and developed to the tea -horse trade during the Tang and Song dynasties. City tea. "The original official tea -horse trade. Compared with the balance of the Tang and Song dynasties, the balance of the tea and horse trade in economic and political income, according to the "Special Real Estate Consultation" of the Ming Dynasty, "so the sage of the rencunity is far from tens of thousands of soldiers. Fan to control the North Captain's strategy, the previous generation is slightly, and I am also the one who has won the country. "
This can see that the Ming Dynasty's politics of the Ming Dynasty defended the enemy and the border of the border was needed to implement the" tea horse in the form of a national order. "Mutual City" is forced through the national system, and more tend to achieve the purpose of adopting the "tea control" strategy to adopt the "tea control" strategy in the northern and western regions of the Ming Dynasty.
In from the Tang and Song dynasties to the Ming Dynasty, according to the "Ming Shizong Records" records: "The price of tea is expensive, the people are subject to the system, and the good horses are indispensable." With support, the city of tea and horse has been further improved, and the Ming Dynasty became the prosperity of the ancient tea horse trade in China. Then, under the circumstances that the Ming Dynasty focused on the development of the official business trade activities of "Tea Horse City", why is private personal free trade prevailed?
I. The "Tea Horse City" policy itself
The ancestors of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang set up Tea Horse Diste in many border areas that borders nomadic peoples to manage tea and horse trade. In addition, through the formulation of laws, the "tea -horse mutual market" policy is strictly forbidden to enter private tea, and the implementation of the "gold medal letter system" allows minority ethnic minorities to further enhance the mandatoryness of its own implementation. If you want to understand why the folk trade under the Ming Dynasty's "Tea Horse City" policy is so popular, you need to first understand the content of the "Tea Horse Mutual Market" policy.
1. Established management agency officials
The tea horse road
The compulsory management agency formation. In the thirty -first year of Hongwu, in 1398, according to the "Ming Taizu Record" recorded: "Chengdu, Chongqing, Baoning (now Sichuan Province) Sanfu and Positive State (now Zunyi) Xuanwu Miszi Tea Warehouse, life The Sichuan administration's envoy Saiwen Tianquan Quanliang recruited divisions and lost the tea class to the tea class. R n Among them, the official official management agencies such as Chama Disp, Tea Class, Tea Warehouse and other specialized responsibilities such as tea -oriented and tea patrols are gradually established and improved. Management is more effective.
The official monopoly officials under the "Tea Horse City" policy. The details of each process of the tea and horse trade are strictly controlled. Like a precision machine, once the officials who act as screws are corrupt, the machine constituted the entire policy will collapse. According to the "Real Record of the Ming Taizong": "When he smelled the head of the head, he used the bad tea to deceive him, and even damaged his property."
, although he already has a relatively complete professional management agency, officials The corruption starting from the inside, with the second charging, not only damaged the economic income of the Daming dynasty, but also infringed the economic benefits of Fanmin and damaged the reputation of the official trade of the "Tea Horse City".
Stocks of supervision and control make the official work even more chaotic. According to the Ming Shizong Record: "Every time the tea merchant is transported to the tea pound, it will not be accepted by time, or the comparison storage is not the same as the comparison. As a qualified staff member, it should be a work that can be properly completed in order to obtain the due compensation. However, the officials of the Ming Dynasty Tea Horse Sin did not complete the acceptance work on time, and even kept a large amount of inferior tea in the warehouse, which eventually caused the old tea to accumulate to the withering.
The tea
The decay and monopoly requires innovation and opening up. National operating institutions such as Chama and Tea Division are in a monopoly position under the policy of "tea and horse market". While lack of competitiveness, the liquidity of the internal class has slowed down, and even officials have corruption. The unreasonable taxation of the Tea Division and the collusion of the official and businessmen of the Tea Horse Division have enlarged the original limitation of the original system of "Tea Horse City", and lack of appropriate competition and effective supervision and control. During severe loopholes.
2, "expensive tea and cheap horses" regulating price comparison price violations of equal transaction principles
The decree regulation of tea -horse transaction prices. The court of the Ming Dynasty tried to control the people's tea under the overall management of the Chama Side's overall management of the tea and horse trade in order to monopolize the tea market and strictly control the comparison price of the tea and horse trade. According to the "Ming Taizu Record": "Covering Rongdi's way, when cheap, it can be expensive." Set the price of tea and horse trade with the idea of ​​"cheap and expensive", and further establish an official monopoly nature Officially operating the tea -horse trading system.
The compulsory decree regulation cannot adjust the transaction price reasonably. Comparing the price of tea and horse transactions in the "Ming Taizu Reality" and "Mingcheng Zu", as far as the Hezhou area is concerned, the former is recorded as "40 pounds per horse, 30 pounds in the middle and Malaysia, and 20 pounds of the horse. ", The latter records" Given 80 pounds of tea, 60 pounds in China Malaysia, and forty pounds of dismissal. "Compared with the two comparison of the price of tea and horses, the price of tea and horse transactions is nearly doubled, and the price fluctuations are large. The price of the horses was very low, and then the government had to relatively increase the price of horses due to the resistance of Fanmin.
Is unequal prices under the mandatory decree make the transaction difficult to maintain. It is precisely because of this idea of ​​treating Xifan's "tea expensive horses", the Ming Dynasty's court always insisted on maintaining the attitude of leading trade and monopoly goods between the tea and horse trade between the two. The inequality of the price comparison has largely cracked down on the subjective willingness of the people to trade with the Ming Dynasty in accordance with the official pricing.
The tea horse
Man people In the official tea -horse trade monopolized, they face the price of tea horses that do not meet the principles of trade in the equivalent exchange of goods, and chose to discover the new commercial road and further develop smuggling trade. After all, for the nomadic people who have lived with Ru Mao drinking blood, it is the right way to quickly and effective obtaining a necessity of life, rather than regularly abide by the official trade rules.
. The interaction of "official business" and "private" in the tea -horse market
"Tea Horse City" policy, guided in the form of national decree, through the central regulation and Fan Renhuan of the Ming Dynasty, according to the "History of Ming History "Records:" The tea ban is also slightly gone, and it is more private. "The tea ban during the Yongle period was relatively relaxed. When the official tea -horse trade had problems, a large number of merchants appeared to smuggle tea in and out of the border to make profits. Then, when the official tea -horse trade is weak, the competition between official business and private trade is increasing, and communication and interaction between the two will inevitably produce exchanges and interactions.
1. Insufficient official tea, private smuggling trade prevails
The official tea dosage increases, and the number of tea people needs to increase. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, according to Zhang Tingyu's "History of the Ming Dynasty": "Huai Rouyuan, increasing tea pounds, there are many people in the city, and tea is insufficient." In order to maintain the stability and peace of the national frontiers, the people who increased the tea in the "Tea Horse City" in the "Tea Horse City" to cover the border areas, so that they would obey the Ming dynasty and consolidate the Yongle political situation of the Ming Dynasty.
Myonal tea horse transportation
and "History of Ming Dynasty · Food and Food" cloud: "Fan people are addicted to cheese. Dependence is more frequent. The increase in tea transaction volume has a huge test of the storage and production volume of tea.
The merchants who arrears tea lessons, have tea -produced tea classes, and the tea classes shall be reduced to reduce the storage and production of tea. According to the "History of the Ming Dynasty", during the Xuande period, the "businessman's diploma was privately trafficking, and the official lesson was endless." This kind of arrears of the official tea lesson has reduced the number of official tea. In addition, according to the "Records of the Ming Taizong": "Shaanxi and Sichuan Chunyun Tea Course, there are those who have already been transported. Tea classes that produce tea to the earth are taxed in Shaanxi and Sichuan tea classes. At the same time, according to "History of the Ming Dynasty": "It is also hungry for the year, and the tea is made of tea in Shangsuzu. The color starts from this. "The policy of discounting the tea classes is used to collect tax banks instead of tax silver instead or part of the physical levy of tea.
The official tea is hard and private tea is prosperous. The demand for official tea has increased significantly, but the storage and production volume of tea has continued to decrease. Merchants arrears of tea classes, the government's tea class that reduces or suspend parts of tea -producing land, and the policies that adopt tea classes have reduced the official tea sources. Stable income of tea. Official tea cannot satisfy the people, the smuggling of businessmen, and the smuggling of tea people have risen frequently, bypassing the official tea -horse trade of the "Tea Horse City", and directly selling tea to Fanren.

2, official tea is difficult to transport, open commercial operation
official tea transportation lacks labor. The court of the Ming Dynasty had a special tea warehouse storage of tea, and transferred the sergeant and the public to transport the tea. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the war increased, the labor increased, and the lack of official tea capacity. According to the "Real Records of the Ming Taizong": "37.44 million pounds of tea classes from Tongjiang County, Sichuan, is not as good as the poor." Sichuan local officers could not complete the annual transportation of tea classes because the people could not complete the annual transportation class. Labor applied to the Ming Dynasty's court for suspension of tea.
The official relaxation and control, to the businessman transportation. According to Li Dongyang's "Daming Ceremony": "For three years of Hongzhi, the governor of Shaanxi and the Secretary for the Government was called on the Chamber of Commercial Daily, registered for the history of the tea, and bought the tea pound at the tea production site. Tea Horse Diste, with a very interesting, listening to its sales at six points, and a quarter -inspection official. "The court of the Ming Dynasty adopted the method of convening a folk businessman to win the tea citation in the bid for the bid to the bid, and changed the tea officer to the open commercial transport. Tea commercial transportation allows merchants to participate more in the trade of "Tea Horse City".
The trade between tea and horse mutual citizens is becoming more and more prosperous. According to the "History of the Ming Dynasty": "If the businessman is unwilling to lead the price, he will sell it with a semi -merchant. Then he will do it as an example." Yang Yiqing's proposal in the first year of Zhengde made the folk tea and horse trade greater freedom. Folk tea merchants have obtained more tea dominance and can reach sales transactions with Fanren themselves.
The official pricing of "tea expensive horses" at the same time and the tea horse stale charged to destroy the business reputation, the scale of the folk tea horse trading market has continued to expand. According to Liang Cai's "Discussing Tea Horses", "It is difficult to block the official tea, and it is difficult for the horse." Under the policy of tea and horse mutual market, private trade occupies the market share of official trade.
This summary
The civil trade of the Ming Dynasty
The policy of the Ming Dynasty "Tea Horse City" policy mainly relied on the strong central dynasty regulation and strong military force. The rise of private trade was mainly due to the official monopoly situation In the following, the lack of competition and effective control given officials to corrupt officials, and the official operation of the "Chama Mutual Market" is limited to mandatory administrative order regulation. The "Tea Horse Market" policy of the Ming Dynasty should change due to time. As an economic policy, according to the objective market conditions, it should continue to adapt to market changes through its own reforms, and to achieve economic and political needs through economic and political means.
The "Tea Horse City" policy of the Ming Dynasty has developed frequent interactions with private business. It is difficult to reverse the weakness of the official business. The businessmen joined the tea -horse trade and made the official trade by leading the mandatory decrees of the tea -horse trade in the tea -horse trade of the folk merchants, which made private trade very popular. "