wholesale jewelry atlanta market Use cosmology to explain galaxies, nebula, constellations

wholesale primium jewelry beads in us The galaxy
has a galaxy or galaxy. It is the "island" of the huge stars in the universe. It is also one of the largest and most beautiful celestial systems in the universe. So far, people have observed about 10 billion galaxies at the universe. Some of them are closer to us and can clearly observe their structure; some are very far away. At present, the farthest knows that we have nearly 20 billion light years from us.
If according to the theory of the Big Bang, the first -generation galaxy was formed in the 100 billion years after the Big Bang. At the beginning of the birth of the universe, there was an outbreak of primitive energy. With the expansion and cooling of the universe, gravity began to play a role, and then the young universe entered a short stage of "skyrocketing". The micro -rise in the original energy distribution has also sharply enlarged from the micro -scale as the increase in the universe, thus forming some "ditch", and the galaxy group was formed along these "ditch".
The distant young galaxy photos taken by Hubble Space Telescope contains galaxies (original galaxies) that are being formed. (HST)
Eighteen individual photos of the formal galaxy group. Each regiment is about 10 billion light years on the earth. (HST)
The famous "Hubble Deep Space" photo. It showed more than a thousand young galaxies that formed less than one billion years after the formation of the universe. (HST)
Hubble deep space pictures. The arrow may refer to the most distant galaxy found so far. (HST)
A Beier 2218 galaxy group. The photo reflects the "gravity lens" phenomenon in the universe. (HST)
The two adjacent galaxies NGC1410 and NGC1409 absorb substances due to gravitational effects. (HST)
In the fleeting of the skyrocketing, the universe has returned to the usual expansion rate as seen today. In the first second after the birth of the universe, with the continuous expansion and cooling of the universe, in areas with "dense" energy, a large number of protons, neutron and electrons are condensed out of the background energy. After a hundred seconds, protons and neutrons began to be combined into the nucleus. In less than two minutes, the ingredients that constitute all atoms in nature are produced. After about 300,000 years, the universe has been cooled to the hydrogen atomic nucleus and the nucleus of the 氦 atomic is enough to capture electrons to form atoms. These atoms slowly gather into huge fibrous clouds under the action of gravity. Soon, the galaxy was formed. After a billion years after the Big Bang, hydrogen clouds and Yunyun began to gather together under the action of gravity. With the growth of the cloud group, the newborn galaxy is formed. At that time, the universe was smaller, and the original galaxies were relatively close, so the interaction was strong. As a result, some smaller clouds were condensed in a thinner cloud, while the rest were annexed by neighboring clouds.
At the same time, the original galaxy gradually increased due to the continuous fall of hydrogen and 氦. The greater the quality of the original galaxy, the more gas they attract. The movements of the clouds and the interaction between them and the interaction between them eventually started to rotate slowly. These clouds collapsed further under the action of gravity, and some rotating cloud groups formed a plate shape; the rest roughly became ellipsoids. These primitive galaxies began to form stars after getting enough material. At this time, the appearance of the universe is almost the same as today. Galaxy gathers together, like the islands in the Shanghai Ocean on the earth, inlaid in the vast gas clouds of the universe space. Such galaxies and galaxies are stretched into a fiber structure. The length can reach hundreds of millions of light years. Essence The cluster of such a large -scale galaxy appears in a broad space.
The shape of the two galaxies in the universe is exactly the same, and each galaxy has its own unique appearance. However, because galaxies are formed within a limited condition range, they have some common characteristics, which allows people to generally classify them. In a variety of galaxy classification systems, the classification system proposed by astronomer Hubble in 1925 is the most widely used. Hubble divides them into three categories according to the form of galaxies: oval galaxies, vortex galaxies, and irregular galaxies. The ellipse galaxy is divided into seven types. According to the flat rate of galaxy oval, it is represented by E0-E7 from small to large. The maximum value 7 is arbitrarily determined. This classification method is limited to the shape of the galaxy seen from the earth, because it is difficult to determine the angle of the elliptical galaxy in the space. The vortex galaxy is divided into two ethnic groups. The clan is a rod galaxy with a stick -shaped structure in the center. It is represented by SB; the other is a rotary galaxy with no stick -shaped structure, which is represented by S. These two types of galaxies are subdivided into three sub -types, respectively, respectively, and the tightness of the size of the galaxy nucleus and the tightness of the galaxy nucleus is used. The irregular galaxy does not have a certain shape, and it contains more dust and gas, which is represented by IRR. Another type of lens galaxy represented by S0 indicates the transitional galaxy between the elliptical galaxy and the vortex galaxy.
The NGC4552 of the E0 oval galaxy. The galaxy is located in the room.
NGC4486, also located in the room of the room, belongs to the E1 elliptical galaxy.
NGC4479 belongs to the E4 elliptical galaxy, located in the room of the room.
NGC205 oval galaxy, which belongs to E6, is located in the fairy seat.
NGC3115, which is located in the six -point instrument, belongs to the E7 ellipse galaxy, and also attributed it to S0.
NGC3623, located in Leo, belongs to the SA -type vortex galaxy.
The SB -type NGC3627 vortex galaxy, located in Leo.
This of the NGC5194 vortex galaxy of the hound, belongs to the SC type. On the left is a dwarf.
NGC3351 is located in Leo and belongs to the SBB type rotal galaxy.
SBC rod galaxy NGC3992, located in Leo.
The satellite system "Damagelun Cloud" of the Galaxy is an irregular galaxy.
NGC3034 Irregular galaxy, located in the big bear constellation. (NaOJ)
Most of the large galaxies in the universe are vortex galaxies, followed by elliptical galaxies, and irregular galaxies account for the smallest. The vortex galaxy has a faster rotation, and its plate surface contains a large amount of dust and gases. These substances gather into areas that can be formed by stars. These areas developed with many blue stars, so the color of the plate looks blue. The stick -like structure and the central nuclear ball are densely distributed for many years. Compared with the vortex galaxy, the elliptical galaxy is very slow. The structure is uniform and symmetrical, without rotary arm, and there are very few dust and gas. The reason for this situation is that when the stars quickly formed by billions of years ago, all the dust and gases in the elliptical galaxy had been consumed. As a result, new stars that cannot be born in these galaxies, so all the elderly stars are included in the ellipse galaxy.

This in the center of about one billion galaxies in the universe has a large quality black hole. This type of galaxy is called "active galaxy". Stars also belong to this type of galaxy.

The "dwarf galaxy" with dwarfs. This type of galaxy is not as bright as large galaxies, but its number is very large. There are many dwarf galaxies near the galaxy, which is more in the sum of all other types of galaxies. A large number of dwarfs have been found in the neighboring galaxy group. Some of these shapes are mostly contained in the stars of the Star II; the dwarfs of irregular shapes generally contain bright blue stars.

The shape of the galaxy is generally determined at the time of its birth, and it has been relatively stable since then, unless the galaxy collision or the gravitational interference of the adjacent galaxy.

In sunny nights without light interference, if the sky is dark enough, you can see that there is a permeable light band in the sky. This light belt is the round surface of the stars when we are in the galaxy. There are about 20 billion stars in the Milky Way, but they cannot be recognized with the naked eye because the distance is too far. Because the starlight and interstellar dust gases are mixed together, it looks like a light belt shrouded in a smoke. The center of the galaxy is located near the horses.

The Milky Way is a medium -sized star system with a diameter of about 120,000 light years. Its silver plate contains a large number of interstellar dust and gas clouds, gathered into a red star formation area, thereby constantly replenishing the hot young blue stars of the galaxy, forming many evacuation star groups or galaxy stars. There are about more than 1,200 types of evacuation stars. The silver disk surrounds a large silver halo, and the silver halo is scattered with stars and spherical star groups mainly composed of elderly stars.
The Milky Way in the direction of Swan-Renma seat.

The galaxy center (silver nuclear) section.

This part of the galaxy center (silver nuclear) part of the II.

The galaxy of the weaver girl, the cattle star-the direction of the horses.

Galaxy in the direction of Huma-Renma.

This shield-Galaxy in the direction of people.
It is difficult to know the shape of the Milky Way from the perspective of us. However, with the development of modern science and technology, the advancement of detection methods overcome these obstacles to some extent, revealing some unexpected characteristics of the galaxy. For a long time, people have always thought that the galaxy is a typical vortex galaxy, similar to the fairy galaxy. But recent observations found that its central nuclear ball was slightly stick. This means that the galaxy is likely to be a rotal galaxy. In addition, the galaxy is a relatively active galaxy. The silver nucleus has a strong cosmic radiation, where the stars rotate around an invisible center at a high speed. This shows that there is a large quality black hole in the core of the galaxy.

The two shorter neighbors in the Galaxy -Damai Zhelun Cloud and Mai Zhelun Cloud, both of which are irregular galaxies. Due to the role of gravity, the Milky Way continuously absorbs dust and gas from these two small stars, making the material of these two neighbors less and less. It is expected that in 10 billion years, the Milky Way will swallow all the substances in these two galaxies, and these two near neighbors will no longer exist.
star clouds
Nebula (Nebula) contains almost all extended celestial bodies except planet and comet. The original meaning of Nebula's English roots is "cloud". We sometimes call galaxies, various star groups and various types of dust and gas in the universe space.

Is when we mention the space of the universe, we often think that there is nothing, dark and silent vacuum. In fact, this is not completely right. The vast space between the stars may be silent, but it is far from the real "vacuum", but there are various substances. These substances include interstellar gases, dust, and particle flow, and people call them "interstellar substances".

The interstellar material has a close connection with the evolution of celestial bodies. Observations have confirmed that interstellar gases are mainly composed of two elements: hydrogen and 氦, which is the same as the composition of the stars. People even conjecture that stars are "condensed" by interstellar gases. Interstellar dust is a small solid material, including carbon compounds, oxides, etc.

The distribution of interstellar matter in the universe space is not uniform. Under the action of gravity, gas and dust in some places may attract each other and dense, forming clouds. People call them "Nebula." According to the form, the nebula in the Milky Way can be divided into several types of nebula and planetary nebula.

The star clouds, just like its name, there is no obvious boundary, and often has irregular shapes. Their diameter is about dozens of light years, with an average density of 10-100 atoms per cubic centimeter (in fact, which is much lower than the vacuum obtained in the laboratory). They are mainly distributed near the HOTKEY. The well -known permeable nebulas include the Orion Big Nebula and Ma He Touting Cloud.

The appearance of the planetary nebula is a bit like a smoke ring, the center is empty, and there is often a very bright star. The stars are constantly throwing the substances out of the way to form a nebula. It can be seen that the planetary nebula is the result of the evolution of the stars in his later years. The more famous ones are the ear -shaped nebula and the ring -shaped nebula of Tianqin.

The nebula

1. Dark Nebula

The bright clouds are bright because there is one or more bright stars Shining. If there is no bright star near the stars near the gase, the nebula will be dark, that is, the dark star cloud.

because it neither glows nor lightly reflected, but it will absorb and scatter the light behind it. Therefore Find.

2. Supernova relics

supernova relics are also a type of nebula that is completely different from the nature of the nebula. They are formed by the gas thrown after the outbreak of the supernova. Like the planet -shaped nebula, the volume of this type of nebula is also expanding, and eventually it has dissipated.

The most famous supernova is the crab -shaped nebula in Taurus. It is a relic left by a supernova in the galaxy that broke out in 1054. There is a neutron star in the center of the nebula, but because the neutron star is very small, it cannot be seen with optical telescope. It was discovered because it had pulse -type radio radiation and was theoretically determined as a neutron star.

3. Persistent Nebula

The permeable nebula is a bright star cloud that is concentrated in one or more bright stars. Essence The permeability of the nebula presents an irregular shape, like the clouds in the sky, but they generally have to use a telescope to observe. Many of them only use celestial cameras to expose them for a long time to show their beauty.

4. Planetary nebula

Themical nebula is round, flat or ring -shaped, and some are similar to large planets, so they are named. This type of nebula is completely different from the diffuse nebula. They are the products of the stars that are similar to the quality of the sun to the late stages. After the nuclear reaction stops, it moves towards the death of death. The volume of this type of nebula is expanded and eventually dissipates. In the center of the planetary nebula, there is a high -temperature star called the central star of the planetary nebula. This is a star who is evolving into a white dwarf.

r

The star cloud is formed by the dust of the dust in the universe, and its main component is hydrogen. Simply put, it can be divided into four categories: launching nebula, reflection Nebula, dark star clouds and planetary nebula.

The emission nebula

The emission Nebula is inspired by the stars of the hot light nearby. Glowing them. In the sky, there are many familiar launching nebulas, such as the M42 Orion big nebula, and its visual stars are 4 and so on. The naked eye can be visible. It is 1600 light years from us, and the diameter is 30 light years. Using a small -caliber telescope can easily observe the air -shaped condition and the Sichang star located in the center of the center (using large -caliber telescopes can be seen). These Sihe stars are formed at the center of the hukou of the Orion.

The reflection Nebula

The reflection Nebula is different from the red launch nebula. The reflection nebula is glowed by the light of the stars near the reflection and is blue. The lightness of the reflection Nebula is darker, and the easier to observe the example is the reflection nebula around the Taurus M45 Seven Sisters Star. In the evening with high transparency and no moon, you can see that the entire star group is wrapped in a light blue nebula. Turned.

The dark star cloud

The dark star cloud itself will not glow, and there is no star containing it. See for us. Several of the famous dark star clouds such as the coal stars of Nantian and the Mado Nebula (B33) in the Beitian Orion (B33). Matou Xingyun is also regarded as the ultimate observation of deep space celestial observations by the amateur astronomy. There are no more than ten people who have observed the astronomical fellows in Hong Kong. The reason is to see it. It is necessary to use a large -caliber telescope.

The star clouds

Different from the three types of nebula mentioned earlier, planetary nebula is the product of the star in his later years. Through the telescope observation, most of the star -like clouds are like planet -like discs, but they have nothing to do with the planet.

Is when a low -quality star steps into his later years, it will swell into red superstars, and when it expands to a certain degree, it will collapse inward again. Continue to expand outward to form a gas shell (that is, the planetary nebula we call), and the center will form a white dwarf. The "life" of general planetary nebula is very short, and these air shells usually disappear within tens of thousands of years. Not all planetary nebulas are round. Some planetary nebulas are very unique, such as the M27 dumbbell star in the fox and M76 small dumbbell star in the Yingxian seat.
The at the beginning of this century, cloud -like celestial bodies were also called Nebula. But now we know that they are actually far away from the earth that are far away from the earth. Our galaxy is also one of the hundreds of hundreds of hundreds of stars. The span of a typical star system is about 100,000 light years.

The composition of gas and dust. In addition to individuals, most nebulas must be seen by telescope, and a cloud -like celestial body in the telescope.

Thisy clouds are bright and dark. Bright clouds are reflected on the starlight nearby or stimulated; dark star clouds are absorbing the stars behind them, and they look like the dark nebula in the bright background, but they are the same essence Essence

The nebula

This Big Nebula
n n The characteristics of Nebula:
n Compared with stars, Nebula has large quality and large volume. The characteristics of small density. The quality of an ordinary nebula is equivalent to at least thousands of sun, with a radius of about 10 light years.

The nebula is often named according to their location or shape. A large number of clouds in the Orion are the bright clouds located in the hunter constellation.

Itian piano big nebula

The conversion of nebula and stars

The material density of Nebula is very thin, and the main component is hydrogen. According to the theoretical calculation, the density of the nebula exceeds a certain limit, and it must shrink under the action of gravity, the volume becomes smaller, and gradually gather into a group. It is generally believed that stars are made by the cloud during the movement and under the action of gravity, contraction, gathering, and evolution. After the formation of stars, it can throw a large number of substances into the interstellar space and become part of the raw materials of the nebula. Therefore, stars and Nebula can be transformed under certain conditions.

Constellation
Constellation origin

Constellation originated in Cuba Babylon, one of the four ancient civilizations. "But at that time, the constellation was not as much as possible, and it was found and named less. At the beginning of the 12 constellations on the zodiac, it was used to measure time, not like the personality of representatives. 30 constellations have been proposed around 1,000 BC. There is the Dagris and the Euphrates from the northwest to the southeast and inject the Persian bend, so it is also called the "Two River Basin" areas.

Profeed by the two river basins to the ancient Greece, which promoted the cultural development of ancient Greece. Ancient Greek astronomers supplemented and developed Babylon's constellations, and prepared ancient Greek constellation tables. In the 2nd century, ancient Greek astronomers Ptolemy combined the astronomical achievements at the time and prepared 48 constellations. And use the lines of the illusion to connect the main bright stars in the constellation, imagine them into the image of animals or characters, and give them appropriate names in combination with mythology. This is the origin of the constellation name. Most of the 48 constellations in Greek mythology are in the northern sky and the north and south of the equator.

In after the medieval century, European capitalism has emerged and needs to expand outward. The sailing cause has developed greatly. The ship is sailing on the sea and needs navigation at any time. The stars are the best finger street lights. In the stars, the shape of the constellation is relatively special and the easiest to observe. Therefore, the constellation has received widespread attention. During the 16th century Magellan's global sailing, not only used constellation navigation orientation, but also studied the constellation.

In 1922, the International Astronomical Federation conference decided to divide the sky into 88 constellations, and its name was basically in accordance with the historical name. In 1928, the International Astronomical Federation officially announced the name of 88 constellations. These 88 constellations are divided into 3 days, 29 northern hemispheres, 47 southern hemispheres, and 12 near the equator and zodiac.

The stars visible to the naked eye of humans have nearly 6,000 stars, and each one can be attributed to the only constellation. Each constellation can be identified by the shape of the bright star.
In order to facilitate research, people divide the starry sky into several areas. These areas are called constellations. China has divided the sky into Twenty -eighth September. "Historical Records of Heavenly Guan Book" records quite detailed. Sanyuan is the three areas around Beitianji, namely Ziwei Yuan, Taimei, and Tianshi. Twenty -eight places are 28 areas near the zodiac and Baidao, namely the Eastern Seven Plants: horns, hyperthyroidism, 氐, room, heart, tail, and cricket;

Comparison table

〖Chinese name Chinese characters Pinyin Japanese name English name〗

Aries yang zuo おひつじ おひつじ

Centaurus

Bao ping zuo みずが め め Aquarius

Ericanus

Flying flies CANG YING ZUO はえ Musca

CHAI LANG ZOO Lupus
n Hydra

The ship base CHUAN DI ZUO り ゅうこつ ゅうこつ ゅうこつ ゅうこつ ゅうこつ

CHUAN FAN ZUO ほ Vela

CHUAN Wei ZUO とも Puppis

Da Quan Zuo おお い ぬ seat Canis Major

Da Xiong Zuo おおぐま おおぐま おおぐま おおぐま r DIAO JU ZUO ちょうこくぐ CALUM

Rhododendron Juan Zuo きょ し ちょう きょ seat Tucana

Pegasus

Flying fish seat Fei Yu Zuo と baby Δ. Volans n

The dolphin seat hai tun zuo い る か か か Delphinus

n
AII JIA Zuo が か か か か
n n JI TONG ZUO プ ン プ seat Antlia

Jian yu zuo かじき seat dorado
n Taurus jinniuzuo おう おう おう おう おう おう おう n
Cetus

Jujuezuo コ ッ プ seat Crater

Giant snake seat ju she zuo へび seat Serpens
n Cancer ju xie zuo かに かに seat CANCER

JU Chi Zuo じょうぎ じょうぎ Norma

The peacock seat Kong Que Zuo くじゃく seat Pavo

The Orion Lie Huo Zuo オ リ オ ン seat Orion Orion Orion Orion Orion Orion Orion Orion Orion Or

r r r iequan zuo ょうけ ん ょうけ ょうけ ん ょうけ ょうけ ょうけ

f ろくぶ ろくぶ ろくぶ ん ぎ ろくぶ ろくぶ ろくぶ ろくぶ ろくぶ ろくぶ ろくぶBAO ZUO z り ん?

Luo Pan Zuo ら し ん ば ん seat pyxis
n Capricorn Mo Jie Zuo やぎn
Najie nan ji zuo はちぶ はちぶ ん ぎ seat Octans

Nangou seat nan mian zuo み み か ん む む か か か か か か か か か か か Zuo の な さ の かく ん かく かく かく かく

NAN Shi Zi Zuo み な みじゅうじ な みじゅうじ な みじゅうじ な みじゅうじ み み み み な みじゅうじ
qi Lin Zuo い っかく じゅう じゅう i i? Monoceros

Relicas Ren Ma Zuoo い て

triangular seat San Jiao Zuo さ ん かく seat

n
Shefa SHE Fu Zuo へびつか い へびつか Ophiuchus

Leo Shi Zi Zuo し seat Leo

n
clock seat shi zuo とけ い seat

Pisces shuang yu zuo う お seat Piscess

Water Snake SHUI SHE ZUO Hydrus

Swan Tian Tian E Zuo Cygnus

R N Tianhe Tian He Zuo つる Grus

Tianjian Tian Jian Zuo や seat Sagitta

R n Tian Lu Zuo ろ Fornax

Tian Mao Zuo Zuo やまね こ こ Lynx
n 天 て て て ん び ん び び ん び び び
Itian piano Tian qin Zuo こと こと こと

Tian Tian Tan Zuo さ い だ ん seat Ara
n nTi scorpion Tian Xie Zuo さそ り seat Scorpius

Tianyan Tian Yan Zuo ふうちょう seat APUS

n Tian zhuo Zuo Zuo ア ル ゴ seat Argo

Wang Gu Zuo Zuo レチ ル Reticulum

Wang Yuan jing Zuo ぼうえ ん きょう ぼうえ n n n n n
crowed wu ya z UO す c Corvus

Wu Xianza wu xian zuo ヘ ル ク ス seat Hercules

Zuo ア ン n seat andromeda

Xian wang zuo ケフェウ ス seat Cepheus

Ma Zuo e e EQUULEUS

x x x x x こ い ぬ こ こ こ こ こ こ

Little Leo SHI Zuo こじ こじ こじ こじ こじN Xiao Xiong Zuo こぐま こぐま Ursa MINOR

x x x x とかげ Lacerta

N Yingxian Ying XIAN ZUO ペ ル レオ ン レオ ン

Indian di an zuo ア ン ン ア ン
n Yufu seat yu fu zuo し し つ し つ し つ し つ seat sculptor

Yufu seat yu fu zuo ぎょ し ゃ seat Auriga

round regiments yuan gui zuo コ ン パ ン パ ン パ ン パ ン パ